What is a title search?

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A title search is a review of public records to verify who owns a property and to uncover any liens, claims, or defects that could affect the transfer of title. It looks at the chain of ownership, checks for encumbrances like mortgages, judgments, or tax liens, and flags anything that could limit or cloud the owner's rights—such as easements, restrictions, or unresolved liens. This process helps determine whether the title is marketable and can be insured, which is essential for a smooth sale or loan.

This is different from an appraisal, which estimates value; from a survey, which maps boundaries; and from a development plan, which outlines future use or subdivision. For example, discovering a recorded easement that allows utility access would be a defect or encumbrance a title search would reveal, informing what issues must be resolved before closing.